Diabetic foot ulcers

What causes diabetic foot ulcers?

Diabetes does not only cause blood sugar imbalance. It also causes two phenomena which increase the risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcer:

• Involvement of the distal nerves of the legs, especially with loss of sensitivity. As a result, the patients rarely feel they have an ulcer (neuropathic ulcer).
• Blocked arteries, ultimately leading to insufficient blood flow (ischemic ulcer).

In three out of four cases, diabetic foot ulcers are related to wearing uncomfortable shoes, to an injury caused when cutting the toe nails, to a burn/friction or to fissures / cracks on the soles of the feet.

The longer an ulcer remains open, the more the risk of infection increases. It can lead to amputation in extreme cases.

What is a diabetic foot ulcer?

Caused initially by a minor lesion (a simple wound caused by wearing uncomfortable shoes), a diabetic foot ulcer can take three forms:

• Neuropathic ulcer. Happens on the toes or under the arch of the foot, as a perforating ulcer of the foot, on the foot joint, this ulcer begins with a callus or corn. It comes with a loss of sensitivity (pain/heat), has clear edges and the skin is dry. In effect, diabetes causes neuropathy which affects the sensory and motor nerves, weakening the extremities of the lower limbs. Therefore, the patient’s foot becomes deformed, and their nails become curved like claws. The loss of sensation in the foot can lead to the development of an ulcer without the patient noticing, which can then rapidly become infected.

• Ischemic ulcer. This is related to a perfusion defect. It mainly occurs on the tips of the toes, on the heel or edge of the foot. The skin breaks, and is pale or bluish in colour. The foot is cold and painful, and the patient can feel burning or itching sensations. Yellow, red, pink, or even black if it is necrotic, the ulcer can take on different colours, depending on its stage of progression.

• Neuroischemic ulcer. It is related to neuropathy and is associated with ischaemia. The ulcer forms on the edge of the foot or tips of the toes, or even under the toenails. The first sign is generally a blister caused by repeated friction of the foot in shoes that are too tight or too narrow.

In adults, an infection is likely to occur in addition to the ulcer. In effect, the open wound is subject to bacterial invasion. Diabetic foot ulcers therefore make diabetes the leading cause of amputation in the world³.

Diabetic foot ulcer prevention

The severity of the foot involvement requires targeted prevention according to the risk. The Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS)⁴ has therefore defined a podiatric risk grading system in order to adapt treatment. The foot assessment is used to grade the level of risk according to the following classification:

Grade 0: No Sensory Neuropathy

Podiatric risk grade 0 means there is no loss of sensitivity in the feet. Therefore, the risk is the same as in the general population. It is the most common situation. Standard hygiene rules should be followed, like wearing appropriate, non-traumatic footwear or avoiding maceration (feet should be dried properly and synthetic socks should be avoided) and traumatic treatments should be avoided as well (e.g. use of a scalpel). It is especially important to balance the diabetes as far as possible and to control any risk factors (e.g. smoking, arterial hypertension, cholesterol etc.).

Grade 1: Isolated Sensory Neuropathy

In addition to the recommendations that apply for grade 0, you can also follow the advice below:

• If the ulcer is very painful or uncomfortable, talk to your doctor about it. Certain medicines can provide relief, in addition to balancing blood sugar.

• If the ulcer involves loss of sensation, you or a member of your family must inspect your feet daily. It will enable you to detect any ulcers that go unnoticed. It is essential to see a doctor as soon as possible if there is an ulcer, even if it is not painful.

It is particularly important not to damage the feet using abrasive and/or corrosive treatments, or by wearing ill – fitting shoes or walking barefoot etc. Apply a moisturising cream daily if your feet are very dry. Of course, your diabetes should be controlled as effectively as possible to prevent the neuropathy worsening.

Grade 2: Sensory Neuropathy with Arteriopathy of the lower limbs and/or foot deformation

Grade 3: History of ulcer or amputation

Very high-risk feet (grade 2 and grade 3) require both increased vigilance on your part and/or by your family, but also active ulcer prevention measures. Podiatrists or nurses can remove the hyperkeratosis (callus). Podiatrists/chiropodists/orthotists can make orthoses or insoles to correct abnormal weight bearing areas. Sometimes, if your foot is very deformed, you may even have to wear specially-made shoes. If there is arterial involvement, revascularisation may be essential.